Called to serve: Tech, research, and positive impact with Chris White

Chris, thanks for joining me. WHITE: Thanks for having me, Wei. Nice to see you. LIU: Yeah, good to see you, too. And so let's get started. So I've known you for, I think, maybe around five or maybe six years, and now I work with you in Catalyst Lab. I love your story, and when I tell people about you, I say that you lead the newly formed Cat Lab, or Catalyst Lab, in Microsoft Research, you were a senior executive at DARPA, and you are married to an incredibly accomplished woman and scholar. And I personally think that your life story would make a very watchable Hollywood film. So when you tell your own story, though, where do you start? WHITE: Well, you start from where you are. And where I am today is leading research at Microsoft during a period of great fear and hope about changing technology and society. LIU: But, like, that's now. There's clearly lots of time from now into before, you know, the before times. So, like, tell me a little bit about the before times. Like, where were you at—I think you grew up in Oklahoma maybe. Tell me about that. Tell me about Chris White, the child. WHITE: Well, I was nerdy. I was a nerdy Eagle Scout. [LAUGHTER] I liked to build my own computers and have local area network [LAN] parties with my friends. But I also really liked being outside. I liked being in nature and camping and rock climbing. Those were all important to me. LIU: OK, you mentioned LAN parties. Tell me about … what did we play with our friends? WHITE: Well, you know, we played everything. I preferred playing sports games, but I lost a lot of the other ones. LIU: [LAUGHS] Wait, so you played like LAN party sports games, like, in basements? Like, with your … were we all in the same … ? WHITE: Yeah. Attics. It was attics. Yeah, not basements. [LAUGHTER] Mm-hmm. Yeah. Everybody had to bring their own computer or bring their own Ethernet cable. And the more that you had your own machine that was higher powered, the better you were going to play. LIU: So did you have the best machine? WHITE: I had the best machine. I built the best machine. Until someone built a better machine. But it was the best for a while. And I had a budget for it. And my family didn't understand that the budget also included two giant speakers, like the size of a computer tower, like subwoofer speakers. They didn't know that was part of the computer building process. But it turns out that excellent audio-visual is a critical part of a well-functioning machine. LIU: I love it. But, OK, we're going to focus a little bit … continue focusing on childhood. So you mentioned nerdy kid, which means—I'm going to generalize here—debate team or math competition team or chess team? WHITE: Oh, it was the debate team. Yeah. Debate was a really wonderful activity. It taught me how to understand many sides of an issue and taught me how to think about evidence and research in that way. LIU: So, Chris, take me back again. Like, we're talking a little bit about Oklahoma, and, you know, at some point, you chose researcher. Like, I—for example—when I was a kid, I was convinced I would be an architect. I am not an architect as you can see. But did you always think you were going to be a researcher? Was there an epiphany there? Like … or was it always kind of like a slow hunch that you were going to pursue research as a career? WHITE: Yeah, I kind of always felt like it. You know, as I was applying for school, those were the kinds of jobs I was interested in. You know, the kinds of things that you do, you know, once you finish degrees that have research in them. Those were the people, when I visited their work, I was inspired by. The people that were discovering, you know, that were inventing, that were innovating, that were … they're pushing the boundaries that were kind of in that unknown, you know, space and making sense of it. And so I've always had that curiosity, you know, and that approach to discovery. And so as I increased my education, it just changed the nature of what research meant and the ways in which I imagined that process evolving. LIU: Was a doctorate always on the cards then? Or did that come, like, as you were in college and then gradually learned and thought, you know, I could keep going? WHITE: Yeah, you know, I didn't know about doctorates really when I went to college. I wasn't as familiar with higher education. And so I knew that I wanted, you know, advanced degrees. And I knew that I wanted more than was being taught in the undergraduate level. But I didn't know, you know, for example, that when you apply to PhD programs, that often you get paid to go. You know, you get admitted and you get a stipend. You know, I was familiar with law and medicine and that you take out loans and you have to do it this way. And so for me, it was a surprise to know that I could apply to PhD programs directly from college. And from then, I just really was excited, you know, that I could explore different universities and different areas of focus and build on, you know, strong technical foundations of math and science and physics. And it was really amazing mentors that helped me and opened doors and inspired me. You know, mentors at Oklahoma State University, Johns Hopkins, and Harvard, really people that took their time and helped me. I'm really grateful for my teachers. LIU: So let's talk about your first mentor of your life, and I'm going to assume … Dad ? WHITE: Yeah, Dad's a big influence. LIU: OK, Dad's a big influence. And so we're going to, I'm going to go down this path. So Catalyst Lab landed a huge commitment from our executive, kind of, leadership team on a project that has been, I think, like a decade in the making. And then … so we all, I know we all came together on a call. We're like, 'Wow, let's debrief. Let's talk about it.' Like, oh, energy's up. And then at the very end of the meeting, you said, 'OK, now I'm going to go clean some toilets.' WHITE: [LAUGHS] Mm-hmm. Mm-hmm. LIU: And I think all of us kind of thought, like, wha-what does that mean? So before we get kind of more into the specifics of mentorship and the, like, follow-on in your career, what— please tell me —does cleaning toilets have to do with success? WHITE: Well, you know, like I said, Dad's a big influence, and he taught me so many things, and he taught me about respecting people. And most importantly, he taught me about humility and service. And so his way of making sure I understood that was every time something really good happened to me, he'd remind me to go clean some toilets and, sort of, embody that. And so I did. I did it last weekend actually. I went to a community event and volunteered to do bathroom clean. LIU: Is this like … are you … so in, like, the household chores, are you, like, the bathroom cleaner? Like, is this just always your job when we're dividing up chores in the house? WHITE: No, no, no. We trade off, and also we have a complicated household, and so we have a lot of help that also helps with cleaning. And so this is something that I choose to do, especially if I can do it in a community context, because it again reminds me, you know, about humility and about service and of respect for other people and other jobs. LIU: So I think this … there's some Eagle Scout vibes that I'm getting from here, as well, based on sort of humility and service. What is the Boy Scout badge you are most proud of? WHITE: Oh, that's really hard. Each badge is something that you earn, including the Eagle Scout badge. And the Eagle Scout badge for me was maybe the most difficult to earn because it requires an Eagle project. And I was really close to my Eagle project. I was, I was … had it set up and it was ready to go. And it was in this church in downtown Oklahoma City in 1995. And right as I was about to do this project, the Murrah Building blew up in a terrorist incident (opens in new tab) , … LIU: Whoa. WHITE: … and it blew up part of the church. And, therefore, my Eagle project was not realistic, and it was not a priority, and it got shelved. And it took me several years after that to then come back to plan and execute an ambitious Eagle project right before I turned 18. And so that badge, … LIU: Wow. WHITE: … you know, completing the project, overcoming significant setbacks, including being a teenager and having other interests, to come through and finish it, I'm really proud of finishing it. LIU: That's awesome. So you … so that was, so there were a few years then in between when you ideated, had the idea for the project, and then … I appreciate the story around resilience because of when you completed the project. Like, what is the biggest takeaway that you took from there? Like what is that big lesson? You turned 18, you finished it, you celebrate. Actually, you know, maybe I'll ask you, how did you celebrate? WHITE: Oh, with my family. You know, the Boy Scouts is a long process. It's many years, many kinds of roles, many kinds of learning, and to finish it—I finished it with another of my fellow scouts that had been together for a long time. And so our families, we had a ceremony, and it was something we could celebrate. And every time I think about it, I think about the things that you keep repeating when you attend the scout things, like the motto, 'being prepared,' and the, kind of, laws about being respectful and courteous. And those are things that continue to be, you know, principles that influence my priorities and also inspire me and help me in my job. LIU: Before we get to your job then, we're going to talk about this interim period where I'll just say you chose to go to war and a few other things in between. Let's jump to 2010, when you joined DARPA, which is the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, within the Department of War. And then, I think, very quickly afterwards you were sent to Afghanistan to help implement a new approach to wartime analysis. And then … but before that, I think you were a Harvard postdoc, and you had actually mentioned it was a mentor who encouraged you to attend a meeting with DARPA that resulted in this course change. And so now I'm super curious, how did this conversation happen where you were, you know, promising Harvard postdoc, which became a mentor going, 'Hey, there's something happening. You should go attend.' Like, what happened there? WHITE: Yeah. DARPA invests taxpayer money, and they have a record of really creating innovations, massive innovations (opens in new tab) . You know, the internet, GPS, stealth, UAVs. And at the time, there was different ways of building programs, and one of the kind of tested ways was to bring together different fields of expertise. And so we were in wartime in Afghanistan. DARPA was not involved very much. And there was a question: you know, could we bring together social scientists with math people, computer science and defense experts, and together could they help us make sense of what's happening in the data? Could that be useful to prevent violence and to protect our soldiers? And it was an experiment because it required all these different areas of expertise coming together—from sensors through analysis through social behavior—and a culture change. And so the summer was a Skunk Works to understand, was there something to contribute? And at the end of it, they asked me, they said, 'Well, you know, do you believe in your work?' And I was like, 'Yeah.' You know, like, 'Well, do you … can you prove it? You know, can you go see if it can help protect our soldiers and help prevent violence?' And so they asked me to be of service, and I said yeah. And it was something that I was really unprepared for. I was supposed to go for nine days the first time, and on the third day, I got a battlefield promotion and was put in charge and then ended up staying for 90 days and then went back a few times after that even. And so, you know, our work was towards … oriented towards protecting, you know, soldiers and toward preventing violence and using AI and advanced technology to do that. And it was a, really, a big opportunity. LIU: So you attended a meeting, you contributed some work, and then, you know, 'Do you believe in your work? Prove it.' What was the time frame between, you know, like, showing up at meeting, participating in some of the research before, like, 'prove it'? Was it years, or was it months? WHITE: The … no, no, the … so the Skunk Works was a summer. It was like, you know, 40 days of, kind of, like focused effort. But at the end of it, I was expecting to go back to Harvard and continue my postdoc. But instead, you know, they sat us down; they said, 'Look, you know, we think this can make a difference. You know, do you think so?' And when I said yeah, from then to getting over there was like a week. It was an extremely fast … LIU: What? WHITE: … turnaround. It was extremely urgent and, you know, unexpected. LIU: OK, so, like, how … so you said, yes, like I believe in my work. They gave you … they essentially said, OK, then go next week. And how, how does somebody prepare for an experience like that? If you can even prepare. WHITE: Yeah, I don't know. You know, this was an experiment. You know, sending researchers—even having a presence from DARPA—in the war zone, (opens in new tab) it was new. And the idea was there could be a difference made because technology was advancing quickly. And that meant that many of the mechanisms in place for other ways of getting prepared were not available. And there was a bunch of training, like crash courses in training on what to do in certain situations, how things work, you know, how to handle yourself in different ways. But it was … it was very brief. And so there wasn't a lot of preparation because also we were planning to be there for nine days. But because there was an opportunity to do something good, that extended, and there was a lot of learning on the job and a lot of support in theater, a lot of people really willing to help us because we were helping them. LIU: So, OK, so you talked about lots of people there, lots of people supporting. I'm not going to focus too much on your time in Afghanistan because that was covered really well in a Popular Science article. But I do have to ask, can you tell me the origin story of the nickname Dr. Spaghetti Man? WHITE: [LAUGHS] Sure. Sure. You know, I'm a long-time yoga practitioner. You know, 20-plus years. It's how I keep myself calibrated. And in Kabul, I was practicing yoga in the gym, and all these people were staring at me. You know, they were staring at me before their … they had a class; they had, like, a combatives class, a kind of different judo-mixed-martial-arts class. And, you know, I had a little bit of training, and so after a couple of times, I decided I'd just join in. And I joined in, and I won a lot. I won a lot of the matches. And one of the matches I won, turns out, it was against the Marine who was guarding the entrance to the building I was working in across the headquarters. And he told everyone. He told everyone, you know, that this, like, lanky spaghetti guy, you know, like, got out of things and beat him, and he did it in such a way that everyone in the building knew. And so I got all this respect, and I got that cool nickname. LIU: Did other folks challenge you as a result of this Marine telling your story? WHITE: I mean, everyone that came to that class was game, you know. And I didn't, you know, I couldn't beat everybody, but I held my own, and that was really surprising to a lot of people. And again, once you establish yourself in different ways, you know, there is a lot of respect and, um, camaraderie. LIU: So, you know, tell me, what did that whole experience teach you about, like, a life lived, and how do those lessons show up in your work today, including the, you know, Spaghetti Man experience? WHITE: You know, the whole thing, it taught me about, you know, service and what it means to serve, and it taught me about the reality of both peace and violence in the world. And that continued to motivate me to make a difference. LIU: After your time in Afghanistan, you continued on with DARPA as a program manager, and in that role, you developed Memex (opens in new tab) , which I believe is a set of tools that could be mixed and matched to help uncover some really shady and dark parts of the web, which from what I understand was really hard to do up until that point. I think this work also is what helped you … what you received your 2016 presidential award on. And, you know, like, can you … how do you explain the Memex project and this dark web work to someone outside tech? And what about this project inspired or appealed to you to even pursue it? WHITE: Yeah, well, the inspiration started when I was overseas because I saw the benefit of evidence when it came to stopping bad things from happening and prosecuting them. And coming back to the US, I saw more and more opportunities where collecting evidence at large scale was a really useful mechanism. And so, you know, people think of search engines a lot, and search engines are a great tool for finding something, but when you need to connect the dots, there wasn't a great tool that could work at the scale of the web and connect the dots, especially some of the dots being in difficult places that were not very visible. And so by creating a technology that would connect the dots across parts of the internet (opens in new tab) , it allowed the prosecution of these kinds of really awful [trafficking] crimes, and so for example, in New York City, it allowed them to increase their prosecutions by 10 times because it gave them new evidence and different kinds of evidence than they had before, and they could use that in a way to really deal with the issue differently. LIU: OK, from what I understand, the dark web is a pretty— ha-ha— dark place, [LAUGHS] and so, like, you've worked in some very dark spaces and close to some very dark uses of the technology. So, like, how again, like, you and I interact a lot, and so it's always curious to me, how has that not made you cynical and how do you stay hopeful? WHITE: You know, I think what it's done is it's really increased my motivation. You know, my motivation to make a contribution. You know, my motivation to stay aware and be realistic. And by being realistic and motivated to address some of these very challenging issues, you know, around violence, around harm, and instead to focus on empowerment and to focus on justice, it gave me something to do. And so I have seen a lot of really bad humanity, you know. I've seen terrorism and trafficking and sophisticated organized crime, you know, designed to take things from people. Designed to hurt people. And I just know that I can do something about it, you know, and that I have and that we can. And so it's really been inspiring to, you know, for example, come to Microsoft, where there is a mission of empowerment and there is that perspective that technology can make a difference. And so I think that light, you know, the light of making a difference, you know, allows me to hold and handle, you know, the dark parts. LIU: I mean, that's a very powerful message, right? Because even with the darkest parts of humanity, there is light, or, you know, you cannot have darkness without light, as well. I think there may have been a 60 Minutes interview (opens in new tab) that included a short snippet of you talking about your work, and you had shared with me that—which, by the way, I cannot find the 60 Minutes episode, and I desperately want to. But, you know, I heard perhaps through you, Chris, that that 60 Minutes episode actually contributed to you coming to Microsoft maybe or, you know, getting a job at Microsoft, and that made me curious. Like, after some really incredible experiences, after all of that, why did you choose Microsoft? WHITE: Oh, it was a … it was a really good choice. And at the time, I had a lot of options, and I was looking around, and this mix of the mission of the company—this mission of empowering everyone—and the scope of the company, you know, being, you know, IT for the world, you know, platforms and infrastructure for the world, and my confidence in its leader. You know, the CEO was part of my interview process. And, you know, that together gave me, you know, this perspective that I could do something here. You know, that there … I could start to envision moving from, you know, for example, very high-powered, expensive lasers to table knives. They both cut, and the world needs both of them. LIU: One of the things that you talk a lot about is problem selection. And I think sometimes that also gets referred to as taste these days. So how do you think about problem selection in Microsoft Research, in Catalyst Lab, given the breadth of what Microsoft does? WHITE: Oh, I think it's just the most important part of research. You know, it's the place where the angle of the whole thing changes, and it allows you to start to imagine a different future, you know, or to work backward from that future that you want to see and see what you can do to contribute to it now. And the amazing thing about Microsoft Research is there's tremendous freedom, and so there's tremendous creativity in problem selection. And it's the kind of thing where you have that latitude to go from idea to evidence to this potential for growth and thriving and along the way get feedback about value and usability and benefit or policy or adaptability, integration. And so its scope provides so many vehicles for growth and utility of advanced research ideas. And its mission, you know, allows the focus of those to address absolutely critical problems. You know, problems of, you know, impending security challenges due to AI, problems of advanced, you know, memory and storage; it allows for, you know, personalization automation, just, you know, for example. And I think that this mix of freedom combined with responsibility and mechanisms, you know, to prove out and demonstrate value, that that combination is just really remarkable and it really motivates me to take the opportunity seriously. LIU: So it's almost going to be like asking you about your favorite kids now. What are some, what are some accomplishments in Microsoft Research or Catalyst Lab that you are particularly proud of? WHITE: Oh, you know, I think that, you know, right now, for example—again, focusing on kind of where we are—I think that we have a real opportunity to contribute something in the cyber defense space. I think our work on security and AI and hacking, it's really in, you know, based on such a deep expertise and also based on, you know, people with a lot of experience, and I think it's growing in need, you know, the need to protect our digital infrastructure, the need to deter and interdict people that would like to break systems or cause harm, that's really growing right now. And so being able to show up in a way that creates breakthrough that can scale with relevance to address that growing need, it's really something that's, you know, awesome to me. And also I think that again kind of extending from the, sort of, Memex conversation, where we're trying to connect the dots, you know, these days, trying to analyze lots of content as part of being more efficient, as part of being more creative, as part of being more capable, you know, using tools to augment that human taste and creativity and ingenuity, that's really never been as powerful as it is before and continues to grow. And so I think making contributions in these areas, you know, where we have state-of-the-art technology and we're creating changes in the way systems are getting built and used, to me, it shows that, you know, despite the fast pace of change and despite the extreme competitiveness in the technology sector, that specialized expertise with good problem selection and an environment to grow and get feedback can create the kind of breakthroughs that matter. And so I really like that. Maybe to give one more example from the past––just maybe something emblematic of the group and some of my predecessors––was this underwater datacenter called Project Natick (opens in new tab) , [LAUGHTER] where this experiment, you know, put a datacenter in a submersible on the bottom of the ocean connected to a wind farm, and it tested this design about, could you build something that didn't require human intervention? Could it be more efficient with power? Could it be more efficient with heat? And the program manager that created that is one of the best I've ever worked with. And it just performed incredibly well as this huge surprise, and it led to us being, you know, named the most innovative company [World Changing Company of the Year] in 2021 (opens in new tab) and other awards (opens in new tab) . And it's just an example of really out-there thinking, imagining a world that had challenges with water access and power access and land but where we need, you know, computation and data storage and technical capability available. So a little bit out there, but I really … I feel like we have to be imagining these different futures. We have to be radical in that way so that we can start to work back and make contributions now. LIU: I love the Natick example because I feel like Natick is the gift that keeps on giving. And, you know, if I can digress for a minute, I remember that I think one of the first TikTok videos that the Microsoft account posted was of Natick (opens in new tab) 1, but it was using, like, a meme at the time which had, like, human eyes and a mouth being lowered into, uh, and it was of Natick being lowered into the ocean, including like a Clippy, like a real-life Clippy swimming across the … it was … I still love that video for reasons why I don't understand. [LAUGHTER] But if you haven't seen it, highly recommend. Maybe we can link it [LAUGHS] if the video still exists. WHITE: Definitely. Look, look, one of the highlights was the fish cam. LIU: Yes! WHITE: You know, people were concerned that it might disrupt the marine ecosystem. And we did a lot of preparation and study for that. And just to be sure, we put cameras and watched it happen. LIU: Yep. WHITE: And all these fish kept coming around and making it home. And there was, like, computer vision that was analyzing which fishes and their movement, and it became like an always-on thing that people would just tune in to online to watch the fish. LIU: There was a seal. There was a seal. There were a couple seals that came by, … WHITE: Yeah. LIU: … too, which, yeah, I remember that. That's really cool. Thanks for sharing. WHITE: Yeah, so you have to go not just out of the box but out of the datacenter. LIU: [LAUGHS] Oh no. All right. All right. So, Chris, before letting you go, it would be a missed opportunity if I did not ask you to share some practical advice and reflections given the breadth of your experience and lessons that you learned. So I'm going to do … maybe it doesn't have to be a super-fast lightning round, but it's going to be a lightning round of a couple of questions. WHITE: Sure. LIU: All right. One, what is the advice that you have received in your life that blew your mind or changed your perspective? WHITE: You've got to look out for the right place and the right time with the right people because it takes all those things to come together for magic to happen and to make a difference. LIU: OK, I'm going to have to ask. This is not … I'm breaking my own lightning round. How do you know? Like, how do you know if it's the right place or the right time or the right people? WHITE: The universe gives a lot of feedback. You know, it's something that with good listening, you can hear. LIU: What did … what did the universe tell you? WHITE: Told me to marry my wife. LIU: [LAUGHS] Ohhhh. Good choice. Good universe. Good universe. OK, next. WHITE: Yeah. Told me to have my kids. Absolutely. LIU: All right, next. Lesson you learned the hard way or the misstep that humbled you? WHITE: I've got to slow down. My tendency is to push too fast and too hard, and that can really lead to problems. And slowing down, it doesn't in the end slow everything down. It just actually makes it just right and just enough. LIU: What's an example of slow down? WHITE: Well, you know, I think there's slowing down in making decisions, especially about people, compared to other kinds of decisions. Or even in my yoga practice. Slowing down the way that I use my body so that it can be healthy and strong for a long time. LIU: I do believe that one of your … the advice that you often give us in Cat Lab is take a vacation. WHITE: Absolutely. LIU: So slow down definitely fits that. WHITE: Get some perspective. LIU: So next question: talent or accomplishment you're most proud of if given the chance to brag. And you have stated humility many times, and I'm going to ask you to just turn that bit off for a little bit and brag a little bit instead. WHITE: Mm-hmm. Well, I think it would be putting my leg behind my head and saying [LAUGHTER] the alphabet backwards while playing a percussion instrument. LIU: Hold on. Like, this is for realsies, and this is, like, this is not an AI-generated statement … WHITE: No. LIU: … or prompt? This is … And you've done this before? WHITE: I have. I've done it in a leadership offsite. LIU: [LAUGHS] You did not. WHITE: I did. LIU: I am going to need to ask some of our colleagues about that particular experience, but there was a percussion instrument? WHITE: Yeah. There was. But, you know, all kidding aside, you know, the 2016 presidential medal, you know, being able to make such a difference in a way for so many people that were affected and to also change the way technology was used from the data collection evidence, you know, through judicial proceedings, that process and arc, you know, is definitely something I'm extremely proud of, was extremely difficult, and I would definitely go for it again. LIU: I love it. OK, I love asking this one. You know I've asked people this a lot. Career path you would have chosen if you did not become a researcher—and you're not allowed to say yoga teacher. WHITE: [LAUGHS] No, I would just be a different kind of researcher. LIU: No! WHITE: Yeah, definitely. Yeah. LIU: Really? OK, so if not an AI or computer science researcher, what else would we be researching? WHITE: Oh, the brain. You know, the … LIU: OK, how about a non-STEM research topic? [LAUGHS] WHITE: Anthropology. LIU: OK, OK, fine. So, like, no, there's no scenario where research is not in the picture. WHITE: No, it just seems to be part of me, you know, part of my drive, you know, part of what gives me energy, keeps me motivated and curious. And this, you know, frontier, it allows that evolution to keep unfolding. LIU: OK. All right. Good to know. So not yoga teacher. Always some form of research. WHITE: Well, I mean, yoga teacher is a kind of researcher into the universe. LIU: What?! [LAUGHS] WHITE: You know, it's a researcher into the states of consciousness and being. Into the alignment between the mind and the body. It's full of research. Full of personal research. LIU: This is why I believe when once upon a time at a leadership offsite you were asked to prompt AI to demonstrate, to build, like, a mascot for you, and I think that mascot was also doing yoga. WHITE: It was. I asked my … I asked one of my copilots to generate a picture of me based on everything it knows, and it created a cat doing yoga. LIU: [LAUGHS] I love it. OK, so lastly, and this is less 'lightning round' and more like 'take your time.' What would you like listeners of this podcast to take away from this conversation? You know, about you, about professional life, about research, about making … or maybe even just making choices. WHITE: You know, I think it's about the power of adaptability and the diversity of experience. You know, it's about being open to what wants to happen, what needs to happen. You know, being open, called to serve, willingness to change. LIU: I like that. So thank you, Chris— Dr. White—for joining me, and to our audience, thank you for listening. WHITE: Thanks, Wei. [MUSIC] STANDARD OUTRO: You've been listening to the Microsoft Research Podcast. Check out more episodes of the podcast at aka.ms/researchpodcast (opens in new tab) or on YouTube and major podcast platforms. [MUSIC ENDS]